The pharyngobasilar fascia serves to keep the nasopharynx patent. The second layer is a fibrous coat that forms the pharyngobasilar fascia that connects to the pharyngeal tubercle on the occipital bone as well as a median raphe seen posteriorly connecting the bilateral halves of the pharynx. This layer is continuous throughout the pharynx and extends into the auditory tube. From internal to external, the first layer comprises a mucous membrane with mixed glands comprising a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the nasopharynx that transitions to a stratified squamous epithelium in the oro- and laryngopharynx. The pharynx is composed of four main layers. The ear is separated into external, middle, and internal and serves the sense of hearing and balance. The larynx is an organ that connects the lower portion of the pharynx with the trachea and it serves to provide vocalization, maintenance of a patent airway, and as a valve to close the airway during swallowing. The pharynx can be subdivided into the nasopharynx, which is the space above the soft palate (the roof of the mouth), the oropharynx, which extends from the soft palate to the larynx, and the laryngopharynx, from the top of the larynx to the esophagus. It extends from the posterior openings of the nose and mouth to the top of the esophagus. The pharynx is the cranial continuation of the digestive and respiratory tracts. The ears, nose, and throat are commonly studied together and come under the discipline of otolaryngology. Explain the difference between the osseous and membranous labyrinths of the inner ear.įor the lecture on Pharynx, Larynx, and Ear, click here.įor the corresponding Slide Deck, click here.Identify the muscle that abducts the arytenoid cartilage.Characterize the difference between the vestibular fold (false vocal cord) and the vocal fold (true vocal cord).Name the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx.Describe the cartilages that support the larynx.Name the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the pharynx.Name the three middle ear ossicles and characterize the function of the muscles that attach to them.Describe the three units that comprise the ear and name the major features of each.Describe the motor and sensory innervation to the larynx and pharynx emphasizing the components of the pharyngeal plexus.Describe the major foramina that are associated with the pharynx as well as the structures that are transmitted through them.Identify the 3 components of the pharynx and list important features in each.Case 3: Anencephaly and organ transplant.Case 2: Anatomical normalization and conjoined twins.Conglomerate lymph nodes around the root of the mesentery.Transmesenteric, small bowel internal hernia (telescoping intestine).Intraparenchymal and interventricular hemorrhage+ Interventricular shift.Small bowel distention (paralytic ileus).Multiple metastatic lesions and Para-aortic lymphadenopathy.Bilateral degenerative changes of the humeral head.6.0 Introduction to Head and Neck Anatomy.1.11 Osteology of the Infracranial Skeleton.
1.3 Osteology of the Craniofacial Region.
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